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Version UK April 2013

VGA Format Max. Resolution

VGA (Video Graphics Array) 640 x 480

SVGA (Super Video Graphics Array) 800 x 600

XGA (Extended Graphics Array) 1024 x 768

W-XGA (Wide Extended Graphics Array) 1366 x 768

SXGA (Super Extended Graphics Array) 1280 x 1024

UXGA (Ultra Extended Graphics Array) 1600 x 1200

WUXGA (Wide Ultra Extended Graphics Array) 1920 x 1200

ost analog formats were designed primarily for broadcast

TV transmissions, so they limit the transmission bandwidth

required for the signal. The video is typically formatted

by combining TV signals into a lower-bandwidth encoded

signal. But other analog formats, such as VGA, were designed primarily

for computer graphics, so they’re far less restricted in bandwidth

and, therefore, keep the red, green, and blue signals separate to allow

higher-resolution pictures that are suitable for viewing from short

distances. Here’s a comparison of the various formats:

Composite video

Among the connector formats designed originally for T V,

Composite video is the analog TV signal before modulation

onto an RF carrier. It‘s the standard that connects most older

consumer video equipment, including VCRs, CCTV cameras, and video

CD players.

As its name suggests, Composite video has the luminance (black and

white), chrominance (color) and sync pulses combined in one signal. When

developed, Composite video was designed to work with both color and

black-and-white TV signals. This backwards compatibility ensured a smooth

transition between the two formats in the 1950s. Black-and-white TV sets

were able to ignore the color component while newer sets separated it

out and displayed it with the luminance information.

Although this format solved the problem of backward compatibility

at the time, by today’s standards, Composite video doesn’t project a very

sharp picture. Because all the video components are transmitted together,

they can interact with each other and cause picture defects like dot crawl

and color smear.

S-Video

Also often called Y/C video, S-Video was introduced in the 1980s

to overcome some of the shortfalls associated with Composite

video. It’s a less encoded video format. In the S-Video signal,

color (C) and luminance (Y) information are transmitted separately to

produce a sharper picture image on the display device.

Most video equipment with an S-Video connector typically also has

a Composite connector. When connecting devices that support both

interfaces, it’s best to use the S-Video connector.

Component video

Next up the resolution scale from S-Video is Component video

(YCbCr). It separates the signal to an even greater extent than

S-Video, further reducing the chance of interference and, as a

result, improving p

icture quality. It provides images with higher

resolution and better color quality than either traditional

Composite video or S-Video.

Component video separates color information into two color

difference signals: B-Y (blue minus luminance, also called Cb

or Pb) and R-Y (red minus luminance, also called Cr or Pr). These

along with Y (luminance) result in a total of three signals.

You can find Component video on a lot of DVD players, TV receivers, and

other AV equipment, displaying the video of DVDs to their best advantage.

Until a few years ago, many video devices typically had all three sets of

connectors, with the Component video format communicated via either

three BNC connectors (typically the case on higher-end, professional AV

equipment) or RCA connectors (consumer-grade electronics).

But today, you might find only a Component connection along with a digital

video connector. This way, your TV can make use of the full range

of video signals.

RCA Component

VGA video

Composite, S-Video, and Component were designed primarily as TV

formats. However, when discussing analog computer video formats, we’re

usually talking about variations of the VGA (Video Graphics Array) format.

The VGA interface carries analog RGB with separate horizontal and vertical

sync signals and is presented on an HD15 connector (also called 15-pin

D-subminiature). When VGA was introduced by IBM

in 1987 for PC video

display, it was a huge improvement over the earlier EGA DB9 connector.

VGA, the basic format, supports resolutions up to 640 x 480 with

256 colors.

SVGA (Super VGA), XGA, and later formats continued the drive to provide

ever-sharper images and greater color depth (see the chart below)—

oftentimes, rivaling those of digital 1080i and 1080p displays. Plus, over the

years, VESA standards have brought interoperability to a market that was

becoming a mixture of often incompatible SVGA graphics cards.

Analog Video Formats

BNC Component

Standard Monitor Widescreen 1680x1050

Standard Monitor 1600x1200

Display standards are a combination of display resolution (specified as the width and

height in pixels), color depth (measured in bits), and refresh rate (expressed in hertz).

Widescreen 16:10 TV 3:2 HDTV 16:9 Monitor 4:3

Video aspect ratios and resolutions

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ... 95 96

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