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Education | AV Distribution Tutorial

Cable-Based Distribution

Remote

Display

In-Line

Extender

DVI Cable

DVD Player

Fibre Optic Cable

Audio Cable

DVI Cables

DVI

Cables

Local Monitor

Remote

Displays

Laptop

Fibre-Based DVI

Extender Transmitter

and Receiver

In-line based

In-line extenders, installed at some point within a link, extend signals over

their native cabling with no signal conversion occurring. These amplification

or repeater types of devices are designed to equalize and amplify the signal

to go greater distances. Some support daisychaining, so by stringing two of

them together you can send data double the distance.

But in-line extenders can only take the signal so far and typically use

amplification that not only boosts the video signal, but also boosts any noise

on the cable. In addition, they don’t solve the problem of having to transmit

bidirectional serial control signals to the display.

Non-networked CATx-based

This method uses transmitters and receivers to extend converted signals

over non-networked UTP cabling. They’re very cost-effective, enabling

much longer distances than what’s ordinarily possible with analog or

digital video cabling.

Copper-based extension is also a great alternative to using standard video

or RGB coax cables, which often can’t be easily pulled through tight

conduits and can be more difficult to terminate (for more on the limitations

of simply extending video cabling, see below).

A bonus: In most buildings, copper cabling is already installed to service

data communications. There’s no need to pull new cabling when existing

wiring can be used for long-distance AV distribution instead.

Another thing to consider: Coax- or VGA-cabled extension installations

usually require a separate RS-232 or other line for transmitting the control

signal for a display—yet another cable to fit into the conduit and another

distance limitation (most serial signals can travel only a short distance over

traditional cable). Some CATx-based extenders also extend serial control

signals in addition to video and audio. Therefore the cable can deliver

both the video and control signals through a single transmission medium.

Plus, CATx extension technology continues to evolve. Newer HDBaseT

™

technology uses sophisticated encoding and equalization techniques to

deliver uncompressed DVI or HDMI video and audio, 100BASE-T Ethernet,

power, and control signals to a remote screen—all over a single CATx cable.

HDBaseT has made it possible to transmit the video signal as well as the

peripheral signals uncompressed up to 330 feet (100 m).

Why not just run longer cables?

An analog video signal can be run over long lengths of native VGA cable as

long as its diameter and shielding is good enough. However, regardless of

the cable quality, signal attenuation increases with video frequency and

cable length. This means that after 30 to 50 feet, the image quality will

start to degrade. This leads to color skew and smeared-looking text.

To solve for signal degradation in VGA video applications, use an equalizer,

or an extender that compensates for signal loss. A good extender has

separate adjustments for high and low frequencies; HF loss is usually

greater than LF loss.

Analog signals travel in a sine-like wave form; digital DVI and HDMI signals

travel in a square-like waveform. The signal is broken into a binary format

where the audio or video data is represented by a series of 1s and 0s. Like

analog signals, digital video also suffers from cable loss, but as long as the

cable is of sufficient quality and within the maximum supported distance,

the signals don’t suffer blurring or color skew.

So what happens when the maximum supported length is exceeded? You

get the “cliff” effect, where the signal drops off and you completely lose

the picture. To overcome distance limitations, use extenders or repeaters.

Non-networked fibre based

Using fibre-based technology has many advantages over copper-based

distribution technology. Foremost, it enables you to deliver video at much

longer distances than copper—without compromising the quality of the

original video signal. This makes it an ideal distribution method for digital

signage.

Plus, it supports high resolutions and the sending of large, bandwidth-

consuming files, particularly in electronically noisy environments, such

as in transit stations. Because fibre is made of glass, which is an insulator,

no electric current can flow through. This makes it immune to EMI/RFI

interference. You can run fibre next to industrial equipment without

worry. And, compared with copper cable, fibre cable is less susceptible

to temperature fluctuations.

In addition, fibre distribution is ideal for applications where data security

is a priority, such as in medical, military, and government environments.

That’s because fibre cable is extremely difficult to tap.

And fibre cable is more durable than copper cable, and it’s thinner. Its size

makes it e

asier to handle, and it takes up less space in cabling ducts. Yes,

fiber is more expensive, but many fibre-based extenders use just a single

strand of fibre, for a more economical use of your fibre count.

CATx Cable

HDMI Cable

CATx-Based Extender Transmitter and Receiver

Blu-ray Player

Remote

Display

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